Marketing and New Product Essay Example for Free

Marketing and sore harvesting EssayScenario 1 Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning descriptionAfter three years of development, Paramount Health and Beauty Company is preparing to launch a novel technologically advanced vibrating shave called Clean Edge. The innovative new design of Clean Edge provides superior performance by stimulating the hair follicles to lift the hair from the skin, allowing for a immediate shave. The company has already influenced to introduce Clean Edge into the mens market where it has a strong presence. Jackson Randall, the harvesting manager for Clean Edge, struggles with how best to prepare the product for the launch. One strategy is to release Clean Edge as a niche product, targeting the high-end market of fastidious groomers looking for superior skin business products.Another strategy is to release the product into the highly competitive mainstream razor market where the product can be positioned as the most effective raz or available. Randall meets internal resistance to the mainstream strategy from the product manager for the companys current, but aging, mainstream razor products and he must(prenominal) consider the effects of cannibalization in his plan. Randall must recommend an optimal strategy and provide supporting economic analysis of his decisionnot just for Clean Edge, but for its effect on the entire company.Learning objectiveExplore studys associated with strategical product aligning. Review new product development process and understand the importance of evaluating product-company and product-market fit in assessing new product opportunities. Understand the importance and selling implications of determining whether a new product is a big breakthrough or a simple line extension.Subjects coveredMarketing strategy New product marketing Product positioningProfitability analysis Quantitative analysis pose* geographical United States* Event Year Begin 2010Scenario 2 Culinarian Cookware Pondering Price Promotion descriptionSubjects Covered Price Promotion, Pricing Policy, Consumer Marketing, Profitability Analysis, Retailing, Sales Promotion, dissemination Policy, Brand Equity, Trade Relations, and Product Management. In November of 2006, senior executives at Culinarian Cookware were debating the merits of price advancements for the companys premium cookware products. The VP of Marketing, Donald Janus, and Senior Sales Manager, Victoria Brown, had different views. Janus felt price promotions were unnecessary, potentially damaging to the provoker image, and possibly encouraged retailer hoarding Brown believed the promotions strengthened trade support, improved brand awareness, and stimulated sales from both new and existing clients.The issue was complicated by a consultants study of the firms 2004 price promotions which concluded that these promotions had a negative impact on profits. Janus trusted the results, but Brown, believing the study assumptions were da mage and required further analysis, suspected the promotions had actually produced positive results. The pressing decision is whether to run a price promotion in 2007 and, if so, to determine what merchandise to come on and on what terms. The broader issue is what strategy Culinarian should pursue to achieve sales growth goals, and what role, if any, price promotion should play. Subjects Covered Price Promotion, Pricing Policy, Consumer Marketing, Profitability Analysis, Retailing, Sales Promotion, Distribution Policy, Brand Equity, Trade Relations, Cookware Learning objective1. Explore the risks and opportunities of price promotion as a strategic and tactical marketing tool. 2. Through numeric analysis, evaluate the financial impact of a price promotion using different cost and sales assumptions. 3. Develop the details of a price promotion policy consistent with overall marketing objectives.Subjects coveredBrand equity Consumer marketing Pricing policies Profitability analysis Sa les promotions Small medium-sized enterprises Setting* geographical United States* Event Year Begin 2006Scenario 3 Metabical Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight Loss Drug ( skeleton Case) descriptionTopics hold Consumer Behavior, Marketing Communications, New Product Launch, Product Positioning, and Push/Pull Marketing. This case can be used separately or in conjunction with Brief Case 4183, Metabical Pricing, Packaging, and Demand Forecasting for a New Weight Loss Drug. Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) expects final approval for its revolutionary weight loss drug, Metabical. Metabical will be the yet weight loss drug with FDA approval that is also clinically proven to be effective for moderately overweight people.Barbara Printup, Senior Marketing Director for CSP, must develop the positioning strategy and marketing communications plan in preparation for the launch of the new drug. Printup must consider the consumer decision-making process and the in teraction among the consumer who purchases the drug and the health care provider who prescribes the medication. Despite promising medical studies and consumer research, poor positioning of the drug in the highly competitive market for weight-loss solutions could good luck charm disaster. Students analyze market research data and consider the optimal positioning strategy and marketing communications program.Learning objectiveUnderstanding the hierarchy-of-effects, the decision-making unit, the decision-making process, and push vs. earn communications. Identifying strategies for segmenting, targeting, and positioning new products. Understanding the critical elements of a marketing communications program.Subjects coveredConsumer behavior Marketing communications Product introduction Setting* Geographic United States* Industry Pharmaceuticals* Event Year Begin 2008Scenario 4 Reed Supermarkets A New Wave of Competitors descriptionReed Supermarkets is a high-end supermarket chain with trading operations in several Midwestern states. Meredith Collins, vice president of marketing, visits stores located in Columbus, Ohio, an important region with the largest market and the greatest impact on revenue growth. She is come to about increased disceptation from dollar stores and limited-assortment stores offering very low, appealing price points. Reeds market research shows that as a result of the economic downturn, customer loyalty is dwindling and consumers are willing to go to multiple stores to get the best deals. Collins must decide whether to change the current marketing and positioning plan in an effort to increase market share to meet challenging corporate targets. Her options include retreating from price competition and focusing on whole step or embracing more private-label brands and competing more aggressively on price. She can also maintain the current positioning and appeal to customers looking for a prime(a) shopping experience. The case contains an im plicit quantitative assignment that instructors can emphasize to the degree they choose.Learning objectiveExplore elements of marketing strategy, market segmentation, product differentiation, and product positioning for a retail organization. Analyze and differentiate among conflicting strategic perspectives. Understand the cycle of retailing, which suggests that new retail stores naturally evolve from low-price, low-overhead stores to become upmarket retailers offering additional services and product lines.Subjects coveredCompetitive strategy Consumer marketing Market positioning Market segmentationMarketing strategy Setting* Geographic United States* Industry Supermarkets* Event Year Begin 2011Scenario 5 TruEarth Healthy Foods Market Research for a New Product Introduction (Brief Case) descriptionTopics covered include consumer marketing, market research, new product introduction, and quantitative analysis. TruEarth Healthy Foods, a maker of gourmet pastas, sauces, and meals, wan ts to build on its successful introduction of young whole grain pasta by introducing a similar product concept for pizza. In an increasingly competitive market, TruEarth is focused on beating its competition and wants to act quickly and decisively. The company conducts extensive market research, first using focus groups to test the concept and then following up with take-home trials. performing as brand managers, students must complete a quantitative analysis of the available data to project the sales volume for pizza and then decide whether to bring the new product to market.Learning objective1. Understand the assumptions and techniques for estimating markets and projecting sales 2. Analyze and interpret data to decide whether to bring a new product to market 3. Recognize the importance of perceived value to consumers for a new product as compared with existing products 4. Understand the limitations of making decisions based on research and available data

The problem with determinism Essay Example for Free

The problem with determinism EssayThe traditional view is that of the compatibilists which states that freedom is the ability to act, or non to act, concord to the determinations of the will. It is so defined to make it compatible with the speculation of determinism, which essentially states that all actions have a causal explanation due to the state of the world in the moment previous. However, the definition is clearly inadequate due to the fundamental flaws of determinism and its failure to account for deliberation or personal option. A superior alternative is offered by what Taylor calls the theory of agency, but is more commonly known as libertarianism. In discussing a theory one must start with roughly data in order to prove the validity of the theory, and in discussing determinism this is no different. Two suitable criteria dealing with the decision make process are firstly that we at time deliberate with the view of reservation a decision , and secondly regardless of whether I deliberate I sometimes have a personal choice in the decision making process.These criteria are ideal because they are both things that we as individuals are fairly certain of so all acceptable theory must account for them in some way. For common sentiency, a virtue in argumentation, suggests that it is easier to accept the veracity of partial self-determination in the decision making process than an abstract philosophical theory. To asses the applicability of the data to determinism a more in depth examination of determinism is needed, which Taylor defines as having three tenets Firstly, that the theory of determinism is true.Secondly, that voluntary deportment is free unless constrained, and finally that causes of voluntary behaviour are certain states, condition, decisions, and desires. The principle problem of determinism is precisely this last tenet, for what are the causes of the inner states that cause my actions? Where do they watch from? Are they under my control? If determinism is true past the problem of blank space causality arises for the causes of the actions must themselves have causes. When applied to the two original data the infinite causality of determinism renders these data false.Take deliberation as an example. I can deliberate only about future actions, but there are endlessly causes to everything I do making the outcome of the deliberation inevitable and the process itself irrelevant. The incompatibility of determinism and deliberation does not bode well for the second datum, as if I am to have a personal choice in an action then I must be able to concretely execute any of the options associated with the action. But if determinism is true there can again only be one option due to the chain of causes thus negating the option of personal choice.A better theory, one that incorporates these two essential data is what Taylor calls the theory of agency, but is more commonly known as libertarianism, which postulates that human beings are frequently, but not always, self-determining beings. To further understand the theory of agency and thus its rewards it is first necessary to examine how it deals with the causation of actions. If an individual is relatively free in his decision making it follows that the individual agent can be considered a cause for the resulting action.For example, if I move my hand then the obvious cause of the motion is me and not some infinite series of causes. The lack of such a sequence of causes, unlike the one put forward by determinism, is an advantage for it allows the theory of agency to be rid of the problems of determinism discussed above. Moreover this allows libertarianism to incorporate the two criteria originally put forth. Under libertarianism deliberation becomes not just possible, but quite logical as it makes sense to ponder a matter over which I have control of the outcome.Then obviously, if I am at least a partially self-determining entity then I have a fai r amount of personal choice in what course of action I should pursue. Aside from avoiding the problems of determinism, perhaps libertarianisms gr consumeest advantage is its common sense appeal. For example, if I am considering whether to order a Big Mac for lunch or a McChicken, it makes much more sense to me that with deliberation I can choose which sandwich I would like to eat, rather than the existence of some infinite chain of events that pre-determines that I will eat a Big Mac.It is of course necessary to acknowledge that common sense and simplicity are not absolute truths, but as Bertrand Russell wrote, in reassert of common sense, in The Problems of Philosophy, Since this belief in the existence of physical objects does not lead to any difficulties, but on the contrary tends to simplify and systemize our account of our experiences, there seems no good reason for rejecting it. (Russell, 24) While Russell was addressing another problem the logic of common sense he applied most definitely applies to the case at hand as well.As a concluding argument in favour of libertarianism consider, the very fact of reading and grading this essay. If determinism were true then this essays rack up would have long been pre-determined by a series of causes stretching back to before its very creation thus rendering useless the whole process. Texts Cited Russell, B. Problems of Philosophy. Oxford University bear on Oxford, 1997. Taylor, R. Metaphysics. Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall, 1993.

Natural Church Development

Natural Church teachingESSAY TOPICAN AUDIT OF THE OF A CONGREGATION DESIGN TO DISCERN ITS STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREAT.STRATEGY FOR ITS FURTHER DEVELOPMENT twist ON YOUR AUDITINTRODUCTIONIn recent years, it has become very difficult to get people to perform. more than would rather go to football knit stitch or a cinema than to perform phaseing. Some complained that perform service is boring and out of date while others believe it is meant for the elderly and the children. Whichever way, there is a drift away(p) in thinking. Burke echo the above observation said, The reality is, postmodernism is a fad, it is not a new trend we can ride out and ignore. Whether or not you realise it, you live in a postmodern world . There is no point in pretending that you argon not or wishing that things would go back to the way they were thirty years.1 Wishing things in church go back decades back is not good for people and nicety nevertheless it is unrealistic. However, Sy nder noted that, the church of graven image is deitys kingdom or institution on earth and for that reason, the theological or organisation structure should not be necessitateioned knowing well that from insertion of the church to now, the church is still unfolding Gods purpose for humanity.2 The church has a role of unfolding Gods plan to the world nevertheless faced with these challenges, what are the solutions to overcoming them. It is also worth noting that each church has her peculiarity. This demonstrate will be focusing on using the Natural Church emergence module to take a look at the health of a church I once worked with discern the strength and weakness and strategizing a solution. This taste measures the churchs health rather than the typical exploitation by using the Schwarzs viii quality of characteristics of church health.THE CHURCH HISTORY AND HEALTHComing from an African church setting, I felt compelled to pick on one of the African church setting I have b een involved for years for this essay due to my cortical potential of the flexure and the history. I felt assured to proceed using the church because the pastors and the regime boards were willing to financial aid in the research that might be involved. Furthermore, the establishment board and the pastors were open to the administration of the Natural Church Development using the eight quality characteristics to access the church health. The NCD experimental mode was used end-to-end the collation and administration of the project. The main instrument of the NCD used was the questionnaire, due to short time in getting data compulsioned to write this essay. The questionnaire used for this essay was limited to only very few members of the congregation of twenty who were pick randomly in erect to have a balance information. The expectation is that at the end of the project, the church would have been healthier and experience growth. Also, putting to mind the stresses this change might scram to the congregation, the governing board and pastors are helping the congregation negotiate the change while the project last. This estimated time of completion is one year.The church setting has her origin from Nigeria, West Africa with over 65 years of existence. The rudimentary core message of the church as well as the organisational principle is based on the book of Hebrew 138 with Berner noting that, has al or so kaput(p) full circle through the vicissitudes of days of small things to periods of intense evangelistic fervour and search for doctrinal anchor and purity, to the present explosion into socio-political power, economic claim and eldritch aristocracy.3 Nigeria in West Africa has diverse religion and beliefs with three main religion mainly the African Traditional Religion, Christianity and Islam. This diversity brings with along hunger for the truth. Moreover, the quest to fight poverty also aided the growth for search for divine intervention which man y found in the churches. This is possible because of the reliance on hallowed Spirit among the Pentecostal churches. Furthermore, the young and educated wanted something different from the traditional religion or the orthodox churches settled for this new moment. The growth of Pentecostalism began to make most churches to focus on the leading of the holy nates Spirit and the power of Pentecost so much that church leading and organisation in most of these churches have to be by the leading of the Holy Spirit. The selected church organisation of this essay was one of the early church of this moment.The growth of the church movement led to the expansion of the church beyond the border of Africa to other countries including United Kingdom where the parish of the church for this essay is located. The location of this parish was strategic because it is in an area of London that was seriously in need of a change and a living church. As most churches in that area then were either empty and the buildings were converted to hall for general amicable activities or you see only elderly weekly. This calls for the need of a church for the people not only to worship God but also socialize together creating a biotic community in a community. As noted by Avis, Mission is not a discrete activity of the church, but the swing edge of the churchs life. It let ins the vital areas of social engagement, compassionate care, prophetic critique, Christian education and intellectual dialogue and apologetic.4The challenge I discovered was that the church was not make the people of the community and the few people coming were people of the same culture. Research carried out in the community during my earlier years in the church shows that there were people searching for a church nearby but were not feeling welcomed to be a part of the church due to approach, heathenish design or the mode of service and people management. The pastors and governing board noticed these challenges but were limited with lasting solution to these challenges. Moreover, they are of the opinion that it is God that gives the increase 1 Cor 36. Secondly, there were sense of satisfaction and success because there were flints of cars always packing for church services. It is sad because though there were flints of cars in major services, the people coming were from other communities, the church was unable to reach her immediate community. Furthermore, some the members who were from Africa now residing in this area were not getting the spiritual satisfaction there were hoping for because of their experiences from the African setting of the church.The theological implication of the struggle was that many who were very spiritually thorough back in Africa were now assay with their faith either due to cultural, economic or social differences that need to be attended to in other to create a balance among the congregation. Many not only left the church to seek for spiritual satisfaction while s ome left Christianity completely due to disappointment in the leadership style or approach. Looking this, Snyder stated that, the church is the agent of the Kingdom of God first of all through what it. It best serves the kingdoms interests as the messianic community of Gods people rather than as an ecclesiastical institution.5For clarity of purpose I concentrated my project on the principle of the church, that states but God that gave the increase6 Though, there are numerous books, theories and modules on the conceit of church health today. For me to remain focus on my objective, and fundamental principle of the parish, I restricted myself to the Natural Church Development by Christian A. Schwarz. In this essay, the concept given by Christian A. Schwarz and the eight quality characteristics will be used to analyse the church health and how to experience growth.NATURAL CHURCH DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTThe leadership of the church believes that it is only God who gives the increase in mini stry or church. This ideology echoes Schwarzs NCD. However, NCD gives a more details and analytical ways of getting result. Schwarz believes that church is like a plant and should experience natural growth progressions.7 Which is based on biblical principles growth citing Mark 426-29.8 He sees the church as a biotic plant that has the potential of reproducing itself if there is the right condition for growth which include simplification the environmental resistance9 to the minimum.10 As noted by the leadership of the church that it is God that gives the increase, Schwarz believes that Church growth can happen all-by-itself11 In as much as God is the one that causes the growth Schwarz pointed out that there must be self-organisation for proper growth to occur.12 Since plant grows by itself once the conditions of growth are met, then the church can also naturally grow as God is the one that gives the conditions of growth in the first place.13 He noted that for biotic potential to be r eleased for self-organisation of a church there must be quality characteristic, minimum strategy, biotic principles and paradigm shift.14 Hence, he Defines Natural church development as Releasing the growth automatisms, by which God himself grows his church.15While mentioning the sources of his discoveries which include research, observation of nature and biblical studies of natural growing processes of plants Schwarz made it consume that observation of the natural study of plant or church should not be the standard of accessing the growth but the scripture and what is theological acceptable.16 He marvelous NCD from other concepts of church growth development because it is principle-oriented17, quality services18 and the release of natural growth focus19 with which the church is built by God.20Schwarz gave his qualities of characteristics for effective self-organisation as followsEmpowering leadership which involves teaching and making leader from the lay members of the churchGif t-oriented lay ministry. By this, members are helped to discover and identify Gods gift and are developed.Passionate Spirituality which include the role of spiritual exercises in churchFunctional structures like heads of department and unit leaders.Inspiring worship service.Holistic small groupsNeed-oriented evangelismLoving relationship.Selection Christian Schwarzs NCD to access my church health because of his discovery which agrees with the teaching and the ideology of the leadership of the church, one cannot overlook some of the lingering questions in the approach applied by Schwarz. He carried out researches all over the world collating data to prove the viability of NCD but there were little said on the word of God regarding the concept except for the initially scripture. For any concept on Gods church to be effective, attention must be given to the word of God above applied science and research. Though technology and research enhances good result.21 Similarly, he seems to dis tant himself from size and numbers and make quality of service seems to be all that is need horizontal if there is not numerically growth.22APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPTGod plan of reconciliation of man through Jesus Christ using the church is meaning(a) Col. 117-20 and the mission of the church is to demonstrate this headship23 but if the church is not measuring up then the devil and the world have the upper evanesce as seen today. Schwarz stated that for any church to experience good health growth, the characteristics must interplay and a weakness in one of the characteristics and can limit the strong point of the others.24Analysis and review of questionnaires were carried out with the pastors and the governing board of the church. During the review, it was discovered that though the church was not lacking in all the quality characteristics but as mentioned above lacking in one can limit the others. There were area that needed to be strengthen.Schwarz pointed out that the level o f contentment in a congregation can be traced to the level of involvement people have in the congregation. People who are involved in their churches using the gifts and depending on the Holy Spirit, have a higher contentment than those who do not.25 The church empowerment of leadership was good as there were structures to teach members on getting involved. Members are trained in-house and are made to serve in any department of the choosing. Furthermore, during this training gift are discovered, identified and are used for the church, this promotes confidence, peace and commit to want to serve God with the gift.26Holistic small group called house cell where members are divided according to the location and a central place is pick for the meeting of the group. This foster good relationship among the members. Schwarz said that, seek to apply the Bible in a relevant way characterise goodly church.27However, there were situation where members are too familiar that relocating them for o ther assignment became an issue. One of the strategy to solving that was rotational of the leadership of the small group.Passionate spiritism was one of the major problem because of the doctrinal beliefs of the church (Africa origin of the church). Some of the members were unhappy with too strict laws on dressing, where you cannot put on a bad-tempered kind of dressing once you are a member of the working unit in the church. Looking at the questionnaire, the issue of dressing stood out for attention. The pastors and the governing board had to biblically look for a balance that will be attracted to encourage people been free. Some were not in agreement with the leadership as this was ever-changing the doctrine of the church. However, the understanding of the people as regard passionate spirituality were difference from what Schwarzs. Schwarz believe that turbulently spiritual Christians are enthusiastic about their faith. Passionately spiritual people are growing in their faith and holiness regardless of dressing or any doctrine that might be in place.28 Schwarzs thought was carefully planned to one of the services and there were significant progress.Healthy churches are not overworked by activities that take it turns on both the members and the leadership instead it allows for room it allows for programs that help the leaders to reproduce themselves.29 For a church that believes in making members active by putting up many church activities, helping the leadership understood the negative impact was very important and how to shift away from such practices to a practice of reproducing quality believers.Inspiring theology services involves giving God honour, recognising his sovereignty through the sacraments, the Word of God, preaching, testimony and fellowship through the power of the Holy Spirit.30 Worship is a priority and it is to be taken so. Therefore, for a healthy church, quality time must be spent in prayers and planning of any services or programme to bring people to the presence of God.Need-oriented evangelism is needed for the church as evangelism is the duty of all believers. While Jesus was ascending to the sky is said Go ye to all the nations vapid 2819. refreshed strategy of evangelism was introduced to encourage members to meet the need of both Christian and non-Christian. One of such was the introduction of a food bank to assist as many in the community in need of food and though this many came to the saving knowledge of the Lord.John the Apostle wrote, Dear friends, let us love one another, for love comes from God 1 John 47. Snyder writes, Christians are kingdom people when, having found peace with God through Jesus, they build a peaceful community and become agents of Gods peace in the world31 The people were encouraged not to show love to other believers only but to the unbelievers uniform so that by our love, they can come to the knowledge of Gods grace and measure.The pastors and the governing board realise areas of improvement, took it on board and began to implement the change in order to have a healthier church that can serve the community and shows Gods kingdom on earth.CONCLUSIONSchwarz believe that, healthy or whole churches are those that are strong in all eight specified areas32 and one quality cannot lead to growth in churches but rather involving the interplay of all eight characters. His words, the key is found in the harmonious interplay of all eight elements.33 Therefore, it is important to improve the services giving in the church to same standard or more compare to what is offered in the world by so doing making the Church become more attractive to the world.BIBLIOGRAPHYAvis Paul, A Church Drawing in force(p) Spirituality and Mission in a Post-Christian Culture (London, Great Britain The Cromwell iron out 2003)Schwarz Christian A. Natural Church Development A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain M.C.E. HOREB 1996)Snyder Howard A., Signs of the Spirit How God reshapes the church (Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan Publishing House 1989)Snyder Howard A., The connection of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois Inter-Versity Press 1977)Snyder Howard A., A Kingdom Manifesto (Downers Grove, Illinois Inter-Versity Press 1977)Spencer Burke, Colleen Pepper, Making Sense of Church Eavesdropping on Emerging Conversations about God, Community, and Culture (Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan Publishing House 2003)King James Version BibleUlrich Berner, The deliver Christian Church of God (RCCG), Nigeria. Local Identities and Global Processes in African Pentecostalism (published Doctoral Dissertation, Owerri, Imo State, 2003), p.1 Accessed 17 Jan 20171 Burke Spencer, Pepper Colleen, Making Sense of Church Eavesdropping on Emerging Conversations about God, Community, and Culture (Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan Publishing House 2003), p. 26.2 Howard A. Snyder, Signs of the Spirit How God reshapes the church (Grand Rapids Michigan, Zondervan Publishing Hous e 1989), p. 270.3 Berner Ulrich, The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Nigeria. Local Identities and Global Processes in African Pentecostalism (published Doctoral Dissertation, Owerri, Imo State, 2003), p.1 Accessed 17 Jan 20174 Paul Avis, A Church Drawing Near Spirituality and Mission in a Post-Christian Culture (London, Great Britain The Cromwell Press 2003), p.135 Howard A. Snyder, The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.73.6 1 Cor 36 Kjv Bible7 Christian A. Schwarz, Natural Church Development A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain M.C.E. HOREB 1996), P.98 Christian A. Schwarz, P.89 Christian A. Schwarz, Natural Church Development A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain M.C.E. HOREB 1996), P.1010 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1011 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1012 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1013 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1114 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1115 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1316 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1317 Christi an A. Schwarz, P.1418 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1419 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1420 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1421 Christian A. Schwarz, P.1922 Christian A. Schwarz, P.4523 Howard A. Snyder, The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.11724 Christian A. Schwarz, P.5025 Christian A. Schwarz, P.2426 Christian A. Schwarz, P.2427 Christian A. Schwarz, P.3228 Christian A. Schwarz, P.2729 Christian A. Schwarz, P.2830 Christian A. Schwarz, P.3131 Howard A. Snyder, A Kingdom Manifesto (Downers Grove, Illinois Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.22.32 Christian A. Schwarz, P.3833 Christian A. Schwarz, P.39

History Of English Intonation English Language Essay

History Of English Intonation English Language hearMany people think that pronunciation is what makes up an accent. It may be that pronunciation is very important for an understandable accent. But it is intonation that gives the final get together that makes an accent native.Intonation is the music of a language, and is perhaps the most important element of a good accent. Often we hear few unmatched speaking with everlasting(a) grammar, and perfect formation of the sounds of English barely with a little something that gives them away as not universe nativespeaker.Therefore, it is necessary to realize that at that place is more than the make pronunciation of the vowels and consonants of a language. This is very important and we do stress it in other articles. But it is only bingle of the three components to an accent, pronunciation, intonation, and linking. In other places we canvassament examine the correct pronunciation of vowels and consonants, and linking, the way that syllables within a word, and the beginning and ending of words come together.Two useful abstractionsTo understand how intonational transcription works, you must(prenominal) understand two assorted kinds of abstractions which the strategy relies on.The first is a phonetic abstraction, namely that there is something which we wad call intonation, a well-defined set of lingual phenomena all working together to determine the wobble pattern of an note. This abstraction is very useful because it is fairly easy to get a good rhythm of what listeners perceive as the drive home pattern. We can do this by extracting the fundamental frequency of the voiced parts of the utterance, a task which is computationally quite easy. We can consequently trade the fundamental frequency pattern, and analyze it as the result of a set of linguistic categories with a number of specific purposes, and an algorithm which implements the categories as events in the pitch of the utterance. Two points to note here 1) not all intonational categories have the same function being an intonational stratum only means that the category has a specific and monotonous effect on the pitch pattern. 2) these categories do not determine all aspects of the pitch pattern various other non-linguistic differences, such(prenominal) as emotional state, degree of involvement in the speech, and individual differences such as ones due to sex, also bushel aspects of the pitch pattern.The second is a operable abstraction. These intonational categories can be classified with respect to the two major types of prosodic functions. Prosody can be described as consisting of head mechanisms and edge mechanisms. detail mechanisms argon those which act to pick out one piece of an utterance as different than its neighbors, while edge mechanisms indicate which events go with which by fall guy the edge of a largerr grouping. Intonational categories in the English system similarly function either to pick out syll ables which are more show than their neighbors, or to mark the final edge of a piece of an utterance which is to be interpreted as a group.Edge stain tones boundary tones and phrase tones.The intonational categories which you depart wantly find most intuitive are the ones which are used to mark edges. One reason for this, I believe, is that the English orthography actually writes some of these differences. For example, consider the fol impressioning pair of strong beliefs.1) This is a mental testing sentence.2) This is a test sentence?If you convert these into speech (by reading them out loud), you will note a very salient difference in the pitch phase at the end. In 1) the pitch falls throughout the last word, oft ending with a little bit of creaky voice, while in 2) the pitch rises throughout the last word, perhaps ending higher than anywhere else in the entire sentence. much(prenominal) differences in pitch pattern reflect discourse-re posthumousd differences such as is captured by the use of the question mark in 2).At a full stop, our system indicates the possibility of four different contours, the two which appear in likely renditions of 1) and 2), and two more, one which you will likely produce in the non-final members of a slowly rendered list, and one which you might produce when vocation someone in for dinner. In the transcription system, you will see these represented in the following way (more or less). The fall in 1) is low throughout, and so is indicated as LL% (two lows with the % indicating the final boundary). The rise in 2) is high throughout, with a very brief rise to a topnotch-high at the end, and so is indicated as HH% (two highs). The so-called list boundary adeptts low and rises slightly at the end, and so is indicated as LH%. The last one which appears in calling chants is basically high throughout, and differs from the HH% (question marker) in that it does not rise to a super high. Thus, since it is high to start with, it starts with a H, and since it is not as high as the super high at the end, it is relatively low, and so is indicated with a L%. This makes for a neat 4-way distinction as below, given with stereotypical examples of places where you might find them. (Note these are not the only places you will find them)LL% Terminal fall statements.HH% High tableland with upped high at end covert questions.LH% Low plateau with little rise at end internal to lists.HL% High plateau with no rise to a super-high end of calling chantsHead marking tones pitch accents.If you go back and reproduce the items in 1) and 2) again, and this time concentrate on the area aroundtest, you will very likely notice a large difference in pitch pattern in this region in addition to what is going on at the end. The wordtest is a critical portion of the utterance in most prosodic analyses of English, because it is the last item which bears some degree of stress, usually called tonic or sentence stress. I chose this se ntence because the words test sentence form a compound, and one of the peculiarities of English compounds is that they are most stressed on the first half. Thus,test is the most stressed syllable in the last means word in the sentence. In stressed locations such as this, English speakers also implement tonal events. Such events are often called pitch accents,, pitch because they involve parts of the pitch pattern, and accents because they are involved in making a particular syllable more prominent. Stressing this syllable makes it stand out from its neighbors. Thus, the tonal events ontest are head-marking events.Here, like the boundary tones just discussed, there are tonal differences associated with different discourse conditions. In 1) you very likely will produce the stressed item with a high pitch somewhere on it, while in 2) you very likely will produce the stressed item with a relatively low pitch. Thus, the difference between vanilla statements and covert questions is not o nly in the presence of LL% boundary tones in one and in HH% boundary tones in the other, but also in the presence of a H accent in one, but a L accent in the other. Since there is a categorical difference in how you use pitch to stress the tonic item, you need to have a categorical difference between H* and L* accents. (The star here indicates that the tone is associated with the stressed syllable.)In addition to using relatively high and low pitch, there are more complicated rising and fall pitch accents which differ from the simple low and high accents in what they indicate. Our system captures these differences in the local use of pitch in the accent by cartel Hs and Ls in various ways to get rises and falls. Thus, in addition to H* which indicates a generally high pitch around the stress and L* which indicates a generally low pitch around the stress, we can also have H+Ls (falling accents), and L+Hs (rising accents). To illustrate the difference between a simple H and a L+H, c onsider the following two conditions3)We will be having you read bunches of utterances for some obscure reasonrelated to why anyone would be kindle in linguistics. The first is a testsentence. Its just there for practice.4)The first is not a real sentence, the first is a test sentence.In producing test sentence in 3), it is likely there will not be an appreciable rise in pitch, while in 4), where it explicitly contrasts with the precedingreal, it is likely that there will be an appreciable rise in pitch from the is a tot est. In fact, it is a general property of contrasting items that they get rendered with a relatively low pitch on the material preceding the stressed item and a sudden rise to a peak on the stressed syllable. If you read over 4) several times, emphasizing the contrast more and more each time, this rising pitch event associated witht est will become more and more apparent.. In 4) the rising accent is seen in the relationship in pitch between the items immediately pr eceding the stressed syllable and the pitch on the stressed syllable itself. However, there are other examples of rising pitch accents in which the low pitch predominates in the stressed syllable, and the high does not become realized until very late in the syllable or in the following syllables. Pierrehumbert Hirschberg (1991) discuss fairly attain examples of this accent such as the following5) A Alans such a klutz.B Hes a good badminton player.Here the think meaning of the second response is that B is not sure that playing badminton qualifies one as not being a klutz. In the intended rendition there is a low pitch onbad and a rising pitch on the immediately following syllable, and then another fall to a general low ending in LH% phrase tones. Another example they discuss is the following6) A Did you take out the garbage?B Sort of.A Sort of?Here, the intended rendition of Sort of starts low inso rt and rises, and then falls and rises again at the end. The intended meaning is ve ry much like that in 5), namely, B is not really sure what she did counts as taking out the garbage. As rendition ofsort of in the last line has exactly the same pattern as Bs, a rise throughsort followed by a fall and a rise at the end, though the rises and falls are more exaggerated. Whats important in each of these cases,badminton in 5), and both sort ofs in 6), is that the stressed syllable edges a distinctly low pitch and the rise which comes much later than the rise in 4).In order to annotate this difference, Pierrehumbert used the * to indicate which part of the contour is to be associated with the stressed syllable. Thus, the contour in 4) is annotated as a L+H*, since the H part appears on the stressed syllable, and the L part simply comes some time in the lead it. By contrast, the contour in 5) and 6) is annotated as a L*+H, since the L part happens on the stressed syllable, and the H part appears some time thereafter. dislodge Range. One final aspect of intonational mod eling must also be mentioned, that is the notion of pitch range. As I noted above, the tone category sequences do not all by themselves determine the pitch contour for an utterance, but other non-linguistic (non- conventionalized) factors also affect the final realization of pitch. One nest to handling these less conventionalized effects, such as what may be due to emotional involvement, is to allow for modulation of the overall range of the pitch movements. The general approach used in most models is to specify a pitch windowpane, which indicates the range of pitch to be used at any given time. The top of the window is where you find the Hs and the bottom of the window is where you find the Ls. This window can be affected by a number of different factors, which work in different ways. Some factors are global in that they typically affect a large portion of speech. Take, for instance, the effects of emotional involvement. When people get irate, there is a strong likelihood that th e both Hs and Ls will be higher, and that the difference between the Hs and Ls will be bigger. This larger and higher window will often affect entire sentences. You will also likely find such global shifts in window size if you examine how people do narratives which include parentheticals and quotations. Parentheticals often are rendered with a narrower window, while quotes often involve a larger window. Other factors which affect pitch range can be localized to one particular location in the utterance. The most commented upon is the effect of downstep (sometimes called catathesis). Downstep is a very regular lowering and narrowing of the pitch range which happens in the presence of the accents. In Pierrehumberts analysis, any tone which is composed of two tones (the rising L+H and falling H+L accents) also trigger downstep.You can easily reckon this effect in an emphatic rendition of the following sentence.7)I dont want horses and dogs I want sheep and cats.If you are contrasting horses with sheep and dogs with cats, you will very likely produce this sentence with L+H accents on all four items (probably L*+H onhorses anddogs, and L+H* onsheep andcat s). If you do so, you will also notice that the second item in each list,dogs andcat s, will both be lower in pitch than the first,horse s, andsheep. This conventionalized lowering is taken to be due to the downstepping effect of the mazy rising accents.One can also see this conventionalized downstepping very clearly in phrases with multiple accents rendered in a finger-wagging lecturing style where the clear intent of the style is to indicate that you should know this by now. For example,8) You just dont seem to get it. Insert tab A into slot B. Repeat it fourtimes.In this situation, the rendition of the last two sentences, which we can assume have been rendered several times before in the extended discourse, will likely not exhibit huge rising or falling accents. Nevertheless, I have heard this sort sentence produced with clear downsteps between each accent. Due to sentences like these, one must conclude that the occurrence of downstep does not necessarily demand the obvious existence of rising or falling accents. In Pierrehumberts analysis, this is due to the H*+L tone category which is locally the same as a plain H*, except that it triggers the lecturing downstep effect. In other systems, such as the ToBI revision, this downstepping is label with an explicit marker (an exclamation point placed before the affected accent.

Shutter Island Versus The Shining Film Studies Essay

Shutter Island Versus The Shining Film Studies EssayRene Descartes was a philosopher who introduced a popular philosophical method called Radical Doubt in his book Meditations on First Philosophy. Descartes proposed discarding any kind of belief that could be doubted, because it might be false. In both Shutter Island directed by Martin Scorsese and The Shining directed by Stanley Kubrick, the viewers argon introduced to characters that doubt the very existence of reality, much resembling Descartes, and who atomic number 18 drowned in the depths of insanity. Fear, paranoia, and doubt are the main ingredients that make both characterizations a psychological mind maze that constantly teases the brain with every turn. Martin Scorsese and Stanley Kubrick are both masters in cinema direction and are not regulars in the horror genre. Nonetheless, both have created a product that makes viewers movement what its like to be sane. The goal of this essay is to demonstrate the similarities an d differences between Shutter Island and The Shining based on their themes of insanity, closing off, and alcoholism.The story of Shutter Island revolves around Marshall mooring Daniels, and his partner Chuck Aule, and their journey to a remote and barren island to investigate the mysterious disappearance of an inmate from the mental asylum. The island is home to a fortress-like mental institution, Ashcliffe Hospital, which houses 66 of the most dangerous criminals in the country. From the beginning, Martin Scorsese introduces the viewers to the theme of closing off. In the opening scene, Scorsese uses the boat ride as a sign that illustrates how the island is being distanced from reality. The viewers are never introduced on unfiltered view of the real world bug outside of the asylum. The only available information about reality beyond the walls of the asylum comes from shift, through the illogical flashbacks he experiences throughout the movie, which easily brings in the theme of reality versus illusion. As soon as the detectives arrive at the asylum a hurricane strikes the island and all tape transport and communication systems are cut-off. They continue their investigation in ominous isolation while being surrounded by dangerous inmates and an uncooperative enigmaticalive staff.It seems that Teddy is trap in a maze, trying to find answers to the disappearance of the missing inmate, Rachel Salondo. Every time he finds a clue that could bring him closer to an answer, it turns out to be an answer he did not expect. Teddy begins to question the motivations of everyone involved, including his own decisions. He reaches a point in his investigation where he does not do it who to believe anymore. He is, as one character tells him, A rat in a maze, trying to find his way out of the island. As the movie progresses, so does its distance from reality. Scorseses throws Teddy into a psychological mind maze where he begins to question everything surrounding the inv estigation. What is real? Who to trust? Everyone in the asylum seems to be skewed by insanity.The Shining is director Stanley Kubricks epic, gothic horror film. The movie tells the story of the Torrance family and their experience at the Overlook Hotel. Jack Torrance is a former tame teacher who has a passion in writing screenplays. Jack agrees to accept the job as a caretaker of the Overlook Hotel, a massive resort spaced in the mountains of Colorado which is completely isolated and free from alcohol, which instigates Torrances descent into madness. From the very first scene of the movie the viewers are given a birds-eye-view of the hotel and its isolation from society. Since alcohol is referenced throughout the movie and Jack is a recovering alcoholic, the theme of alcoholism plays a huge role in Jacks overall behaviour towards his family. Alcoholism is like a beast within him and since the hotel is alcohol free, Jack believes that accepting the caretaker job will help mend his relationship with his married woman Wendy and son Danny and bring them closer, especially after the incident where Jack dislocated Dannys shoulder in a bender because of his drunkenness.The theme of the supernatural is referenced in the movie when Wendy is giving descriptions about Dannys behaviour to the psychiatrist. She says that Danny started talking to Tony, the invisible friend that lives in his mouth. Also, as the family arrived at the hotel, they were introduced to Dick Halloran, the cook at the Overlook Hotel. Halloran contacts Danny telepathically and tells him that he has a psychic ability which allows him to see both the past, the future and communicate mentally with other shiners. As time progresses, it seems that the hotel places a great amount of mental stress on Jack, his underlying insanity gradually evolves into a rampant madness as he attempts to murder his wife and son with an axe. The viewers find the madness slowly settle, and explode fiercely through Jack, t ransforming him from a father trying to repair his relationship with his family into a psychotic lunatic bent on destroying everything he loves.In conclusion, both Shutter Island and The Shining are haunted house themed movies that are filled with labyrinthine spaces that threaten to consume their occupants. Shutter Island is a shadowy and grim looking castle. Redesigned out of an old Civil War fort, every piece of fixture in it relates back to some dark secret in the past. The island itself sends out a warning of the terrible evil that lurks around it. On the other hand, Kubricks Overlook Hotel is just as fear infested as Scorseses Island. level(p) though it doesnt have the darkness of the mental asylum, everything in the hotel is brightly lit, carpeted, and full of luxurious items. Perhaps the enormous size of the hotel introduces a great sense of isolation the characters go through.Shutter Island, much like The Shining is segregated from society. Teddy Daniels finds himself trap ped in the island due to a hurricane much like how Jack finds himself trapped in the hotel due to a blizzard. Both Shutter Island and The Shining revolve around protagonists that are unreliable. The viewers are introduced to the heroes and then to their slow decent into madness. isolation and insanity are prominent in every scene of both movies, which turned normal and loving fathers into insane and psychotic killers that led both of them to their end.

Comparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour

Comparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an bitThe Other Wife and The Story of an arcminute are two short stories bothseemingly similar and contrasting in different ways. In Chopins storywe see that Louise Mallard reveals her ironically internal feeling ofjoy and exemption following the news of her husbands death. Louisessensation of freedom is conveyed through the use of vivid inseparableimages and color. While in Colettes story the two female protagonistscontrastingly suffer from repression while the former(a) practices freedomand liberty. These contrasting feelings are conveyed by the routine ofvarious color images. Both Chopin and Colette address the theme offreedom and liberty from male control through the indirect use of subjective, color, and vivid imagery. More often, the natural images areassociated with the setting and the atmosphere, while color imagery isrepeatedly linked to the physical appearance of the characters.In The Story of an Hour Chopi ns use of natural images develop andconvey the theme of female freedom and liberty. The image of window isone of the most fundamental symbols which puts across this theme. Thewindow exemplifies the monstrous joy and the ironically naturalfreedom Louise is feeling in her following the news of her husbandsdeath. This oxymoron can be defined as the feeling she knows isconsidered monstrous by society who does not expect her to be gladat her husbands death. The way in which she faces the open windowreveals the new beginning she is facial expression forward to and herrealization of a fresh start without her husband. Furthermore, theauthors application of an image of a tree that were aquiver andthe countless sparrows whic... ...n Chopins The Story of an Hour there is less work forthe readers to work out specific hidden meanings. It is much harderto work out meanings when Alice doesnt answer when Marc says weresatisfiedArent we, pet?Throughout the course of the two stories The Other Wife and The Storyof an Hour, the use of natural, color, and vivid images are anessential tool for both authors to convey the theme of freedom andliberty from male control. The use of the various types of imageryshows the similar techniques Colette and Chopin shared. However, thereare some minor differences these two stories shared, such as the useof dialogues and narratives as well as one being more symbolic thanthe other. The use of imagery is just a very small part of all theother features the writers used to develop the theme of female Freedom& Rights from male control.

A Comparison of Hard Times and Dulce Et Decorum Est :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Hard Times and Dulce Et Decorum Est It is amazing what we can regard about the different societies by studying the literature prevalent of their times. According to Michel Foucault, Through language and thought, each period in history develops its own perceptions of the personality of reality (or what it defines as truth) and sets up its own acceptable and unacceptable standards of behavior which he calls episteme (Bressler 242). Within the text of Hard Times Charles deuce brings the reader an mind of what was happening to the English society during the Victorian age. As we read this text we can have the opportunity to view the thoughts of the Victorian culture as thoroughly as view what happened at that time though our own. The title of his story brings the reader to an understanding of what is behind the story even before reading the text. It is written in simple language for all to understand, those of the times, and those who read the story in the future. Dickens does not complain of kings who lack morals or knights who seek justice. He does not write of men seeking honor in battle or the absurdity of war. He writes in plain language for the common reality to comprehend of a different battle than one might suspect. He speaks of the battle his society faces while going through the growing pains of locomote technology and its effect on the people of his country. The author speaks of a metropolis called Coketown that is being transformed into an industrial conglomeration from what once was a pleasant city of humans living and together to make a better life. When Dickens writes, It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it he is complaining of a vanishing beauty that once held this city and its people in safety (Longman1828). Dickens goes on to describe the city as having, a melanize canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye which would bring the reader to consider the possible pollution of the waterway (Longman 1829). It is apparent by reading the comments of Dickens that at the time of writing Hard Times was directed at the cities governing body in an attempt at righting the wrongs of technologies effects on the city.